The gratitude effect pdf

Jennifer Stellar. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Visserman2,3, Natalie M.

Sisson2, Bonnie M. Le4 , Jennifer E. Stellar2, and Emily A. Impett2 Abstract Despite growing evidence that showing gratitude plays a powerful role in building social connections, little is known about how to best express gratitude to maximize its relational benefits.

In contrast, cost-highlighting had no such effect. Email: yoobin. However, gratitude expressions do not always elicit positive reactions from the benefactor. Instead, there are important boundary conditions for when gratitude expressions yield relational benefits. For example, studies have found that the positive effect of a gratitude expression on how a benefactor feels about the relationship depends on factors such as the perceived sincerity of the expression Leong et al.

This raises the important question of if there are ways of expressing gratitude that can elicit particularly positive reactions in a benefactor or that are more or less effective. In the present research, we examine how acknowledging the responsiveness i. To date, only one study has examined if a particular way of expressing gratitude elicits positive reactions from a benefactor in an established relationship Algoe et al. They found that the more the speaker engaged in other-praising behavior, the more positively the benefactor felt about their romantic partner and the relationship.

Never- theless, a crucial question remains as to the specific ways in which people praise the benefactor and importantly, the different benefits they may afford. Notably, both ways of expressing gratitude may elicit inferences of praise, but do so in a distinct manner. It is conceivable that the responsiveness and costs highlighted in gratitude expressions each independently play an important role in how the benefactor perceives and reacts to gratitude expressions.

Particu- larly in romantic relationships, the goal attainment signaled by gratitude expressions i. Indeed, people feel proud and valued when their efforts are noticed and recognized, and feel dissatisfied when they do not receive acknowledgment for having incurred costs to support their partner Visserman et al. In fact, even when people request that their partner makes a costly sacrifice, acknowledging the size of the sacrifice that a partner has to make has been associated with a partner engaging in more accommodating behavior such as suggesting ways they can help the requester Farrell et al.

Given previous research demonstrating that gratitude expressions can elicit negative responses e. For example, although romantic partners typically idealize non-contingent giving and receiving with no expectation for immediate reci- procation Clark et al.

As such, if responsiveness- or cost-highlighting gratitude expressions instill a sense that the benefactor is being underbenefitted, it is possible that either could cause discomfort and conflicting feelings about the relationship for the benefactor. Specifi- cally, we followed couples in a day daily experience study and examined days when couples experienced conflicts of interests and resolved them by sacrificing their own self-interest for their partner.

As these instances are when couples are highly likely to express gratitude although not the only instances , we were able to examine how couples exchange gratitude without explictly instructing them to think about grateful instances as in the lab conversation.

The present research We used lab conversation and daily diary portions of a multi-part study to examine how benefactors experience the responsiveness- and cost-highlighting embedded in gratitude expressions. In both sets of analyses lab conversation and diary , we also conducted additional analyses to rule out alternative explanations for any effects we find. Finally, we also examined a potential moderating role of relationship length in the links between gratitude expressions and outcomes. Method Participants and procedure We recruited a coummunity sample of couples through online advertisements Reddit, Kijiji and advertisements posted in public locations e.

Although the initial eligibility criteria for recruitment were that the couples had been in a relationship for at least 3 years, we loosened this restriction due to the difficulty in recruitment and time constraint as noted below, the shortest relationship length in the final sample was 1 year. The sample size was determined a priori based on the available budget.

For the laboratory portion of the analyses, we used data from individuals 94 men, 96 women, 4 unidentified who had all the primary variables of interest available. The study was approved by research ethics board at the University of Toronto. Participants were Fifty-four percent of the final sample met the initial criteria of having been together for more than 3 years.

Most couples were heterosexual three same-sex couples and individuals were not married. Ninety-five individuals reported that they were currently living with their partner. The sample was culturally diverse, with 65 participants identifying as Western European, 29 as South Asian, 28 as East Asian, 27 as Eastern Eur- opean, 19 as Caribbean, 14 as South American, 12 as South East Asian, 6 as Middle Eastern, 6 as Native American, 5 as African, and there were 16 participants who identified as other multiple responses allowed.

Participating couples first completed an online questionnaire and were invited to the lab to participate in a conversation study. All couples engaged in conversations about three different topics. Each partner had one minute to talk about what they were grateful for and they took turns being the speaker.

Thus, speakers can be considered as beneficiaries and listeners as benefactors. The entire conversation procedure for this study was adapted from a conversational structure used in past research Fritz et al.

Par- ticipants indicated that the conversational structure felt natural to them in the pilot testing. Participants received instructions about the day diary study before leaving and began the diary portion of the study on the following day.

For the diary portion of the analyses, we analyzed data from individuals who had reports on our primary variables of interest on at least one day. If they indicated there was a conflict, they were asked to describe what it was about and how they handled the situation adapted from Righetti et al.

We combined the days in order to increase our statistical power. All items were assessed on scales ranging from 1 strongly disagree to 7 strongly agree. Prior to coding, they were trained by the first author in two separate sessions using a coding scheme the authors had developed together.

Coders were instructed to make a holistic judgment using both verbal and non- verbal cues, and in the training session which involved watching a small random set of videos , a high degree of consensus was established. All coders then worked indepen- dently to apply the codes to the videos. Each coder watched the videos once to code for responsiveness-highlighting, then again to code for cost-highlighting.

All coders completed coding prior to any data analyses. Responsiveness-highlighting gratitude expression. Coders rated the degree to which the speaker expressed that their partner was responsive to their needs with their kind deed s on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 not at all to 7 very much. Cost-highlighting gratitude expression. Coders also rated the degree to which the speaker looked affectionate toward the partner during the conversation e.

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